Literary Significance Notes - 1453 Words

CPT Literary Significance Notes (3-80) Plot * Liesel, her mother and her brother Werner are all travelling on a train, to greet Werner’s and Liesels foster parents. * Liesel, illiterate has a dream o Adolf Hitler and speaks to him in broken German. * As she is half awake, Liesels brother dies, and there were two Nazi soldiers who argue on weather they leave the body there or take it with them. * Both Liesel and her mother are traumatized by his sudden death and 2 days later he is buried. * After the ceremony finishes Liesel digs at his grave but is dragged away by her mother, but before getting on another train Liesel steals a book she is unable to even read the title of. * She is taken to a place in Munich called Himmel†¦show more content†¦Protecting and helping others is what he does, he is a painter and used to be a part in the army. He doesn’t support Hitler or the Nazi but in order to protect his family and show loyalty to his people he applies for a membership multiple times. He is well known and like in the town but some people call him Jew lover He teaches Liesel how to read even though he himself is at 4th grade ability. He makes her feel safe and their relationship becomes very strong. * Rosa Hubermann- Liesels foster mother, her job is to do the ironing and washing for the wealthy people from the town, she is a very cold woman with a very foul mouth. Death tells us that even though she is very harsh towards her husband and Liesel she loves them both very much and deep inside actually has a very big and worm heart. * Rudy Steiner- Is one of Liesel very first and only true friend. He loves Liesel and stands up for her, he keeps her company and is able to cheer her up when she is down, just like how Hans is able to. He was also referred to as the boy who was obsessed with the black American athlete Jesse Owens. * Alex Steiner- Rudy’s father was a part of the Nazi part, only to protect his family. He had nothing against Jews, he found his son coloured black in order to represent Jesse Owens and gave him a lecture that he should be proud to be white, not black.Show MoreRelated Digression in Nikolai Gogols Dead Souls Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesGogols masterpiece novel, Dead Souls, remains faithful to the Gogolian tradition in terms of absurdity, lavish detail, and abundant digressions. Although these three literary techniques coexist, interact, and augment each other-the focus of this analysis is to examine how Gogol (or the narrator) deviates from the plotline, the significance of it, and what aesthetic purpose comes from the digression. Although Gogols marriage to elaboration is at times strenuous-in fact, it is the underlying reasonRead MoreSuicide s Note By Langston Hughes1201 Words   |  5 PagesSuicide’s Note Not all poems fall into the category of epic poetry or ballads. Some pieces are short and concise rather than lengthy and elegant. A shorter poem may focus more thoroughly on diction, or the author’s specific choice of words, rather than things such as rhyme scheme or meter. Langston Hughes poem â€Å"Suicide’s Note† is a perfect example of this. Because it is only twelve words long, every single word is important and chosen carefully. This poem uses many literary techniques, noneRead MoreDescribing Stylistics as a Concept in English Studies Essay1054 Words   |  5 Pagese. judge the literary worth on stylistic criteria), but more commonly attempts to simply analyse and describe the workings of texts which have already been selected as noteworthy on other grounds. Stylistic analysis in linguistics refers to the identification of patterns of usage in speech and writing. Analyses can appear objective, detailed and technical, even requiring computer assistance, but some caution is needed. Stylistic analysis in literary studies is usuallyRead MoreFrankensteins Origin: Assessing Thompsons Argument for the Creatures Literary Ancestors 1443 Words   |  6 Pagesways, very much like the Creature himself—which is to say, cobbled together from various scraps of previously existing parts. Terry W. Thompson, however, argues convincingly that scholars continue to ignore one of Frankensteins most influential literary antecedents: the Greek hero known as Hercules (Thompson 36). In his article, A Majestic Figure of August Dignity: Herculean Echoes in Frankenstein, Thompson even goes so far as to list, point-for-point, the story and character points thatRead MoreNarrative Unreliability in Martin Amis Money1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn Money: A Suicide Note Martin Amis describes the life of John Self, an extremely successful filmmaker of TV adverts who takes part in the materialist game characterising the society of the 1980s. The protagonist is addicted to the 20th century, where he leads a careless life based on a daily abundance of drugs, alcohol, promiscuous sex, handjobs and the porn industry. However, this addiction leaves its marks on the body and character of John Self. His physical as well as social health slowly deteriorateRead More Vampires and Vampirism Essay986 Words   |  4 Pagesmetaphor rather than an actual character that haunted the night, plunging his fangs into the neck of unsuspecting victims to drain them of their lifes blood (South 251). Indeed, the use of vampirism symbolically could actually be considered a stock literary motif in the nineteenth century (Grudin 52). The themes of sex and violence that are the essence of the vampire serve to expose the sexual and psychological uneasiness that reside deep inside human beings through interaction with these creaturesRead MoreParkers Back by Flannery OConnor1146 Words   |  5 PagesTo the uninitiated, the significance of Flannery O Connor s Parker s Back can seem at once cold and dispassionate, as well as almost absurdly stark and violent. Her short stories routinely end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. Flannery O Connor is a Christian writer, and her work is message-oriented, yet she is far too brilliant a stylist to tip her hand; like all good writers, crass didacticism is abhorrent to her. Unlike some more crypticRead MoreEssay On Narrative Poetry1730 Words   |  7 PagesMi’esha Straughn 21 March 2017 Honors English 5th period The Depths of Narrative Poetry Poetry is a form of art that uses languages for its aesthetic qualities and its notional and semantic content. Poetry can consist of oral or literary works in which the language is used in a manner that is felt by the reader to differ from ordinary prose. Poems are constantly relied on for their effect on imagery, word association, and repetition. The use of these effects to generate feelings and emotions isRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson880 Words   |  4 PagesLottery. The significance of the town Lottery is to ensure their belief to sacrifice in order to be given a plethora of rain to obtain a good farming season the coming year. The story focuses around the erroneous belief that if the villagers sacrifice a human to their Weather God, then the villagers will receive good weather to grow crops. The villagers believe that if they do not sacrifice, then they will be given insufficient farming conditions. â€Å"The Lottery† displays many literary elements throughoutR ead MoreIndependent Novel Project1040 Words   |  5 PagesIndependent Novel Project English 10—Fall 2008 Parent notes and doctor’s office excuses will not be grounds for a penalty-free extension because I have given you two months to complete the assignment, and I am already giving you a five-day extension. All portions of the assignment must be submitted to avoid the fifty percent penalty. In addition to turning in a print copy of the assignment, an electronic copy must also be submitted to turnitin.com by the above deadline. If you are having trouble

The Necklace By Guy Maupassant Essay - 1213 Words

In our everyday life the majority of us have to make decisions. These decisions vary from deciding to wear a pink flannel or a white blazer, to considering if the job offer at the local supermarket or the internship at Mercury is right for you. The short story,† How Far She Went† written by Mary Hood details a grandchild debating whether she should leave her house to find her freedom or stay with her detach grandmother. Similarly, the short story â€Å"The Necklace† written by Guy Maupassant, the protagonist named Madame Loisel suffers from an internal struggle to either keep dreaming of a higher social status or remain in her current social economic status. Likewise, Emilia Pardo Bazà ¡n short story â€Å"Las Medias Rojas† (The Red Stockings), the protagonist faces a dilemma to either stay with her abusive father or search for the American Dream. Indeed, in the trajectory of life an individual may face adversity of any magnitude, but ultimately it is our decisions that shape our lives. â€Å"How Far She Went â€Å"written by Mary Hood demonstrates how our decisions shape our lives, leaving us with a long lasting impact that makes us value. The short story describes a rebellious granddaughter who is tired of the quarrels with her grandmother and decides to leave her for some moto bikers. The moto bikers are older than her and they want to rape her. The grandmother although she does not demonstrate her affection towards her granddaughter, sense s danger and goes looking for her granddaughter.Show MoreRelatedThe Necklace By Guy De Maupassant863 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story â€Å"The Necklace† written by Guy De Maupassant, tells the story of a married couple who live an average lifestyle together in France—when one day everything in their lives changes due to a simple decision. The author aims to show the reader the power of decision making when faced to decide between needs, wants, honesty and untruthfulness a nd how every decision we choose to make affect our lives in ways we never thought possible. In the first few lines of the story, the narrator introducesRead MoreThe Necklace by Guy de Maupassant1034 Words   |  5 Pagesregret which Guy de Maupassant depicts throughout â€Å"The Necklace.† Guy de Maupassant, a French writer, born in 1850, was considered one of France’s greatest short-story writers. His writings were mostly influenced by the divorce of his parents when he was thirteen years old and by great writers such as Shakespeare, Schopenhauer, and Flauber. His parent’s divorce caused his stories to depict unhappiness of matrimony, deceit, miscommunication, and a profound misunderstanding (Maupassant, Guy de, 1850-1893)Read MoreThe Necklace by Guy De Maupassant1367 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Being Honest is Always Best† Telling the truth will always prevent future conflicts. Author Guy De Maupassant who lived from 1850 to 1893 proves in the story of â€Å"The Necklace,† that no matter how bad a situation is, speaking with the truth is always best. Now, this author does not prove this theme directly. Instead, throughout various situations in the story the main characters are faced with a long-term conflict because decisions were not made with honesty. Mathilde and Loisel who is her husbandRead MoreThe Necklace, by Guy de Maupassant791 Words   |  4 Pagescharacterized by other people. In â€Å"The Necklace† Mme. Loisel is a beautiful woman with a decent life, and a husband that loves her, and only wants to make her happy. She is not rich but she makes it along, she insists of a better, wealthier life. When her husband gets her invited to a ball, she feels the need for a brand new fancy dress and tons of jewelry. When the couple realizes they cannot afford jewelry as well, they searc h out to borrow her friend, Mme. Forestiers’ necklace. She comes to notice she noRead MoreThe Necklace, By Guy De Maupassant966 Words   |  4 PagesIn Guy De Maupassant’s â€Å"The Necklace,† Mathilde is a 19th century French woman who desires a wealthier lifestyle than she can acquire. She is completely indulged in the material possessions of life and is focused on the items she does not have rather than what she owns. It seems her happiness is entirely dependent on wealth and status. She neglects her husband and is never content with what he can offer. Eventually, Mathilde’s struggles of envy, selfishness, and materialism drive her to poverty.Read MoreThe Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1381 Words   |  6 Pagesstories are â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber. â€Å"The Necklace† was about a materialistic woman who faced consequences because of her envious personality and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† was about a man who experienced daydreams randomly throughout the day. Although both short stories used literary elements, Guy de Maupassant utilized them for readers to understand and enjoy the story more than James Thurber. â€Å"The Necklace† was a short storyRead MoreThe Necklace By Guy De Maupassant934 Words   |  4 Pagesduring this time period was Guy de Maupassant, who wrote one of the most influential short stories of this century. â€Å"The Necklace†, written by Guy de Maupassant, illustrates elements of fiction such as the symbolism of the necklace because of Mme. Loisel’s desire to be rich, irony due to the twist ending, and a powerful theme. Firstly, the necklace Mme. Loisel borrows and her perspective symbolizes the desire she has towards being wealthy and important in society. Maupassant describes effectively theRead MoreThe Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1093 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the short story titled â€Å"The Necklace† by Guy de Maupassant, it is clear that the main themes being stressed are pride versus greed, and that things are not quite what they appear. Each of these things are represented throughout the story in some way, whether it be using animated language or symbolism. It is also clear that background information clearly aided the development of the themes Maupassant incorporated throughout the passage. It is seen throughout the story that the main characterRead MoreThe Necklace, By Guy De Maupassant823 Words   |  4 Pagesbe totally unhappy, â€Å"She was a simple person without the money to dress well, but she was as unhappy as if she had gone through bankruptcy, for a woman have neither rank nor race†(Maupassant 7). Loisel s sorrow over wealth and fancy things puts a constant pain on her husband. In Guy de Maupassant short story â€Å"The Necklace,† Mathlide Loisel goes from being a materialistic, dishonest woman to becoming an honest, hard-working woman. At the beginning of the story, Mathlide Loisel is a raging, spoiledRead MoreThe Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1019 Words   |  5 PagesIn the short story of â€Å"The Necklace†, the author Guy de Maupassant is a creative and intriguing tale which reveals a person s dreams of a luxurious lifestyle with countless materialistic possessions. He has skillfully developed the story into a mystery which reveals itself at the end. The main point in the story is that materialism can distort your view of happiness and fulfillment. It is wrong to be materialistic to the extent that you disregard what you already have and lose everything. Mathilde

AP Psychology Free Response Questions 1992

AP Psychology Free Response Questions 1992-20 09 Essay APPsychologyFree Response Questions 1992-20091992 Question 1Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are different learning methods. Their differences lie inthe extent to which reinforcement depends on the behavior of the learner;the type of behavior to which each method appliesTheir similarities are that they both produce the following basic phenomena. AcquisitionExtinctionSpontaneous recoveryGeneralizationDiscriminationDescribe these differences and similarities, giving examples to illustrate your answer. 1992 Question 2Briefly discuss the causes(s) and treatment(s) of depression from the perspective of each of the following psychological approaches. Psychodynamic/psychoanalyticalBiological/medicalCognitive1993 Question 1Design and describe an experiment to measure the relationship between rehearsal/repetition of a list of words and later recall of that same list of words. In your answer you should formulate a hypothesis and include a description of each of the following. PopulationSubject selectionIndependent variableDependent variableExperimental groupControl groupPotential confounding variableA method of reducing experimenter bias1993 Question 2Describe the therapeutic procedure called systematic desensitization. Select a specific disorder for which this therapy is effective and explain how the basic phenomena listed below play a part in successful treatment. Anxiety hierarchyRelaxationGeneralizationExtinction1994 Question 1Design an experiment to determine whether a new drug that is supposed to reduce hyperactivity in children actually does. Your essay should include an identification and description of all of the components of your experimental design, including sampling, independent and dependent variables, controls, and the method that you would employ to evaluate the outcome. 1994 Question 2One of the most useful generalizations in psychology is that behavior is adaptive. Explain this generalization and then identify each of the following and describe how each could be adaptive. Repression Conformity Imprinting Displaced aggressionLoss of information from short-term memory1995 Question 1Compare and contrast the experimental method and the survey method in terms of their suitability for investigating the hypothesis that frustration leads to aggressive behavior. In comparing and contrasting the two met hods, be sure to identify and discuss each of the following. Independent variableDependent variableControlExperimenter and response biasEthical issues1995 Question 2Define each of the following concepts and explain how each contributes to the phenomenon of prejudice. StereotypingSelf-fulfilling prophecyFundamental attribution errorProjectionSchema1996 Question 1Discuss how social and biological factors have an impact on each of the following in the individual. Body weightPerceptionAlcoholismExtraversionSchizophrenia1996 Question 2Professor Jackson believes that frustration increases the need for achievement. She decides to test her hypothesis with her introductory psychology class of about 100 students. The first 50 students who arrive for class one day are taken to a separate room and given a series of easy puzzles to complete. Professor Jackson then asks each student about his or her professional goals. She rates the statement of each on a 7-point scale for strength of achievement motivation. When they arrive, the remaining students are taken to another room and given a series of difficult puzzles by Professor Jacksons teaching assistant, Jim. Jim also asks each student about his or her professional goals and, like Professor Jackson, then rates the statement of each on a 7-point scale. The group given the difficult puzzles has, on the average, higher achievement motivation scores than the group given the easy puzzles. Professor Jackson concludes that her hypothesis is supported. Show how each of the following aspects of Professor Jacksons experimental design is flawed. Indicate how you would correct each problem. SamplingAssignment of participantsDependent variableControl for experimenter biasControl of confounding variables (You need cite only one.)1997 Question 1Many people are concerned about the effects of the use of physical punishment to modify the undesirable behavior of children. Basing your answer on psychological knowledge, apply each of the follow ing in an argument against the physical use of physical punishment. Modeling or Observational learningLearned helplessnessHow would psychologists use the following processes to modify childrens undesirable behavior? Negative reinforcementExtinction Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement1997 Question 2Although personality is generally consistent throughout the life span, some people exhibit major personality changes. How do each of the following help to explain BOTH continuity and change in personality? Biological factorsLearning factorsSituational factorsCognitive factorsHow would any TWO of the above interact to produce change in the trait of shyness? 1998 Question 1Read the following abstract of a student research project on bystander intervention and then answer the questions that follow. The ten participants in the study were unaware of its purpose. The first five who signed up to be tested were assigned to the Alone condition and the next five were assigned to the With Others co ndition. The Alone condition was run in the morning and the With Others condition in the afternoon. In the Alone condition, each of the five participants was asked to wait alone in a room. While the participant waited, a female voice in the next room screamed out, asking for help. In the With Others condition, each one of the five participants was asked to wait in a room with several confederates of the researcher. During this waiting period, a male voice in the next room screamed out, asking for help. In each condition, the percentage of participants who responded to the cry for help was recorded. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this study. Identify four flaws in the design of this study and the recommendations you would make to correct these flaws. Discuss an ethical issue raised by the design of this study. Use your knowledge of research in social psychology to describe the likely results of this study if correct methodology had been used. 1998 Question 2Describe fully the distinctive emphasis of the cognitive approach to human behavior and mental processes. In your essay, be sure to specify how the cognitive approach differs from the following psychological approaches. Psychodynamic/psychoanalyticBehavioral Biological Give an example of the contribution of cognitive therapy to the understanding of each of the followingMemoryDepression1999 Question 1Describe the role of each of the following mechanisms in determining an individuals eating habits and body weight. Biological MechanismsLearning MechanismsBody or brain chemistryReinforcementBrain structureModelingGeneticsCultural factorsSelect one biological and one learning mechanism and discuss the implications of each for weight management. 1999 Question 2In a study, researchers use a photograph taken in a public park to examine how people perceive, learn, and remember information. In the photograph, a woman is standing near a man who is seated on a park bench. The woman appears to be shouting at the man. Participants in the study are exposed to the photograph for ten seconds and then are shown, each for ten seconds, several other photographs of people interacting. When all the photographs have been shown, the participants are asked about what they saw in the public park photograph. A significant number of participants describe the man as being the aggressor in an apparent disagreement with the woman. Describe how each of the following concepts helps explain the perception of these participants. Be sure to begin by defining each concept in psychological terms. schema retroactive interference representativeness heuristic confirmation bias framing2000 Question 1Your high school is proposing moving to a system in which grades are no longer given or used to evaluate student progress. Define each of the following concepts and state how each might either positively or negatively change student behavior under such a system. Extrinsic motivation Arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law) Learned helplessness Self-fulfilling prophecy 2000 Question 2The police chief of New City publicly states that she sees a direct relationship between teenage arrests in New City for violent crimes and the popu larity among New City teens of especially violent television shows. Design a correlational study to research this claimed relationship, being sure to address how each of the following design elements would apply to your study. operational definition of variablesselection of participantsgeneralizabilitytwo ethical considerationsThe police chief concludes that watching violent television shows leads to teens committing violent crimes in New City. Do you support her conclusion? Explain your response. 2001 Question 1Discuss the cause of anxiety from each of the following perspectives. BehavioralPsychoanalytic/psychodynamicBiologicalCognitive Discuss a specific treatment technique for reducing anxiety used by professionals representing each of the four perspectives. 2001 Question 2Describe the psychological concept of expectancy or set. Discuss a specific example of how expectancy or set affects each of the following. Human perceptionThe effects of a psychoactive drug on a humanA students performance in the classroomMemory 2002 Question 1The human organism displays various reactions that are characterized by opposing tendencies. Use a specific physiological or psychological mechanism to explain how both aspects of opposing processes apply to EACH of the following. AppetiteAutonomic nervous systemColor visionDrug useNerve firing 2002 Question 2Five-year-old Jessie went to a fire station with her kindergarten class. When she got home, Jessie, who is in the preoperational stage of cognitive development, eagerly told the story of her adventure to her older brother. Describe how the following factors might have influenced the story she told. Be sure to define and provide an appropriate example of EACH factor. EgocentrismObservational learningOverregularization or overgeneralization in languageReconstructive memorySchema 2003 Question 1Statistics are often used to describe and interpret the results of intelligence testing. Describe three measures of central tendency (mean, median, and mode). Describe a skewed distribution. Relate the three measures of central tendency to a normal distribution. An intelligence test for which the scores are normally distributed has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Use this information to describe how the scores are distributed. In two normal distributions, the means are 100 for group I and 115 for group II. Can an individual in group I have a higher score than the mean score for group II? Explain. Apply knowledge of psychological research in answering the following questions about intelligence test scores. Explain why norms for standardized tests are periodically updated. Describe how to determine whether an intelligence test is biased. 2003 Question 2Define the following psychological concepts. Cognitive dissonanceConformityIncentive motivationNegative reinforcementPhysiological addictionUse one specific example for each of the concepts in part A to explain how the concept might relate to either the development of or the continuation of a smoking habit. It is not necessary to use the same example for each concept. 2004 Question 1Dr. Franklin investigated the relationship between stress and physical illness. She persuaded a high school principal to require all female athletes in the school to participate in her study. She explained the purpose of her research to the athletes and asked them to use a standard form to rate the severity of their stress over the last six months. More than 250 athletes completed the form. Then Dr. Franklin analyzed the forms returned by the first 100 athletes. She requested the attendance records from the nurses office for each of those athletes to verify the number of days absent due to illness during the same six-month period. In the debriefing summary that Dr. Franklin sent to the 100 athletes after she completed the study, she stated that athletes who reported more stress also experienced more frequent illness. Dr. Franklin concluded stress causes physical illness. Identify the research method used by Dr. Franklin. Scrapbooking EssayDescribe the operational definitions of the TWO key variables that Dr. Franklin used in the study. Based on the information provided, describe ONE appropriate and ONE inappropriate ethical feature of the study. Identify ONE statistical technique that Dr. Franklin could use to represent the relationship between the variables in the study. Describe TWO aspects of research design that weaken the validity of Dr. Franklins conclusion that stress causes physical illness. 2004 Question 2Time is an important variable in many psychological concepts. Describe a specific example that clearly demonstrates an understanding of each of the following concepts and how it relates to or is affected by time. Use a different example for each conceptCritical periodFluid intelligenceGroup polarizationJames-Lange theory of emotionPresentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioningRefractory period in neural firingSound localizationSpontaneous recovery2005 Question 1Describe a specific example that clearly demonstrates an understanding of how each of the following concepts can lead to an inaccurate perception, cognition, or conclusion. Each example must include an explanation of the relationship between the concept and the inaccuracy. Afterimage effectAvailability heuristicEthnocentrismGroupthinkLack of object permanenceNonrandom assignment of research participantsOptimistic explanatory styleProactive interference2005 Question 2Psychologists conduct research to investigate controversial issues. Consider the following:The value of diagnostic labelingChildrens acquisition of languageExplanations of hypnosisDescribe the opposing points of view on each of the psychological issues listed above. Your description must provide one argument on each side of the controversy. For each issue, choose one point of view to support. Using evidence from psychological research, justify why you think this point of view is correct. 2006 Question 1Psychologists use a variety of research methods to study behavior. Three of the main research used are:Case StudyCorrelational Study, andExperimentDiscuss one advantage of each research method listed above. Discuss one disadvantage of each research method listed above. Pretend you are a psychologist who will use each of the three research methodscase study, correlational study, and experimentto determine the effect of taking vitamin J on improving memory. For each method listed above, explain a key characteristic of the basic approach you could use to reach a scientific conclusion about the relationship between taking vitamin J and improving memory. You need not design a complete study. Zoey wants to buy a new car but is having difficulty deciding what kind of car to buy. She is feeling anxious and wants to make a decision soon. Zoey visits several local car dealers and asks for the advice of some of her friends. Explain how each of the following could influence her decision. Be sure to discuss each concept in the context of Zoeys decision. Approach-Avoidance conflictCentral route to persuasionHeuristics IndividualismRationalizationSelf-efficacyThe autonomic nervous systemThe foot-in-the-door phenomenon2007 Question 1Ellie, a new student at Skinner High School, is determined to make friends. When she attends the first psychology club meeting she finds herself in the room with twenty strangers who seem to know each other well. She plans to attend a few more meetings before deciding whether she will join. Demonstrate how each of the following could HELP play a role in Ellies quest for friendship. You may use a different example for each concept. Definitions will not socre. HELPThe mere exposure effectMnemonic deviceSchachter two-factor theoryLocus of controlDemonstrate how each of the following could HINDER Ellies quest for friendship. You may use a different example for each concept. Definitions will not score. HINDERIn-group biasRegressionOperant conditioningCircadian rhythm2007 Question 22. Often misunderstood, schizophrenia is a psychological disorder affecting one percent of the population. In addition to treating the disorder, psychologists work to identify its nature and origin. Identify two characteristic symptoms used to diagnose schizophrenia. Discuss a research finding that supports a genetic basis for schizophrenia. What is the dopamine hypothesis regarding the origins of schizophrenia?Describe how medications used to treat schizophrenia affect the actions of neurotransmitters at the synapses. Identify a risk inherent in using medications in the treatment of schizophrenia. People sometimes confuse schizophrenia with dissociative identity disorder (DID). Identify two key characteristics that differentiate DID from schizophrenia. 2008 Question 1The Smith-Garcias are planning for their first baby. Both parents-to-be have had a psychology course and are looking forward to applying the principles they learned from theories and research that address child development. Summarize one main idea or finding from each of the following four researchers. Skinners operant conditioningBanduras social learning theoryAinsworths attachment researchBaumrinds research on parenting stylesProvide a specific example of actions the Smith-Garcias might take to raise their child to produce positive outcomes using each of the theories below to address the corresponding psychological concept. Skinners operant conditioning: tantrum managementBanduras social learning theory: sharing behaviorAinsworths attachment research: self-relianceBaumrinds research on parenting styles: self-esteem2008 Question 22009 Question 12009 Question 2

Shared Parenting 2006 Amendment free essay sample

This (3) speech will establish the background of shared parenting, together with an examination of the strengths and weaknesses of the most recent amendment. I am Ryan Baldwin, family lawyer for the Department of child services. Dr. Jenny McIntosh maintains that the 2006 amendment to the Family law (Shared parental responsibilities) Act, was not a negative amendment, though it did not address the problematic issues, arising in the courts when dealing with parenting orders. Currently there are â€Å"significant numbers of children are being damaged by our shared-parenting laws . University of Sydney professor, Patrick(4) Parkinson, also questioned the presumption of shared parenting, saying it only works if both parents live closely together and there is co-operation. The notion of shared care doesn’t always work; it is a flawed premise, idealistic and impractical. The Family Law Act provides a framework for parents to have â€Å"meaningful involvement in their children’s lives(5)† â€Å"Its the quality of the relationship thats important, not the quantity. We will write a custom essay sample on Shared Parenting 2006 Amendment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And one of the unfortunate effects†¦ of the 2006 legislation has been that its focused people very much on time. The courts want equal time and its taken the focus away from whats best for the child. The current legislation has been regarded to favour the parent’s best wishes over the Childs. The law still has a long way to go to provide an equitable Family Law system. To understand what the amendment adjusted, we must first understand the history of shared parenting in Australian legislation. The(6) Family Law (shared parental responsibilities) Amendment Act (2006) (commonwealth) amended the Family Law Act (1975) ,commonwealth) [FLA] to provide further access and equity for parents and children, in the making of parenting orders. The amendment is not the first legislative attempt to address perceived inadequacies of the Family Law Act. The 1975 Act had issues regarding: fathers with shared parenting, re-location of children ,and children being regarded more as property than a responsibility. For the past 35 years, the Family Court of Australia has treated most separated fathers, as if an access visit every second weekend and half the school holidays was enough. Sue Price said â€Å"Shared parenting laws are under(7) threat from feminists, with no intention of giving fathers a fair go. In 1996 the Family law act was amended in what was a paradigm shift, by providing for independent representation of children in disputes, so is to protect their rights. This introduced, child advocates. Further amendments to the FLA sought to neutralise terminology, by changing the language in parenting orders such as; custody were replaced with new terms such as residential and non-residential, access and contact. In 2006, the Australian Government introduced a series of changes to the family law system. The â€Å"Family law act 1975 was amended to the â€Å"Family Law Amendment, (Shared Parental Responsibilities) Act ,2006, commonwealthgt; (SPR, Act, 2006). This amendment introduced, â€Å"rebuttable presumption of shared parents responsibilities† and acknowledged parents ,â€Å"right to have a meaningful relationship with their children†. The new amendment did not encourage equal time between parents and children, rather equal responsibilities. Due to the new change of equal responsibilities shared between parents, this allowed for relocation much harder. The new amendment coincides with 65 family centres to help families through relationships ,or establish arrangements without litigation. The amendments have been put in place to try to improve the issues, of relocation and perceived bias in the court system. This amendment was an improvement but more needs to be done. The 2006 amendment (section (9) 61DA) makes clear that: both parents are responsible for the care and welfare of their children until the child reaches 18 ,and arrangements which involve shared responsibilities ,and requires coopeation between the parents. The reform aimed to manage parental separation, â€Å"away from litigation and towards co-operative parenting†. The 2006 amendment was formed to; encourage greater† involvement by both parents in their children’s lives, though, unfortunately, it hasn’t been sufficient. One advantage (10) to this new amendment is that shared responsibilities are now more prominent. Prior to the amendment, responsibilities could have been set to one parent. The new amendment hopefully will depart from the â€Å"old perceived ‘80/20 formula’ (1975) of post separation, shared parenting† The 80/20 formula which was raised by Paul Boers in 2000 was a generalisation within shared parenting that mothers would have 80% access and contact, and fathers would only have 20%. Prior to the 2006 amendment, which brought in rebuttable responsibilities, parents could have had to meet all of the Childs responsibilities. That is, one single parent would have all the respons ibilities of their child. The ability of one parent to relocate children far away from the other parent is harder than prior to the amendment. This is due to studies which outline that children, who are separated from one parent are both distressed and, can cause mental and emotional damage. Prior to the 2006 amendment; â€Å"One in four kids from separated families sees one parent less than once a year, or never. It can be argued that the 2006 amendment offers some improvement, but it cannot be said that the job is done. Bias (10) towards mothers, perceived or real, remains a real issue that the amendment has not addressed. Dads in distress are a group of fathers fighting for equal rights in the family law system. This group, is typically fathers- who perceive they have been on the receiving end of a mother-bias decision. â€Å"Dads in Distress expressed both appreciation of the Act, as a small step in the right direction, and, concern whether the changes would be taken seriously by Family Law Practitioners† . It can be argued that among family law practitioners, the perception remains, that mothers are better parents. â€Å"For too long mothers have had automatic right to sole custody while loving, good fathers have had to fight tooth and nail, to get more than every second weekend with their own kids†. Perhaps further refinement is required in order to readdress, the perception, that mothers make better parents and ,determine the residential parent on the basis of competency, rather than by their sex ,whilst still retaining the paramount principle of the best interests of the child. Shared (11) parenting and equal responsibilities doesn’t mean, and should not be interpreted as, equal parenting-â€Å". And, in fact, many mens advocates have been disappointed that the reality of shared care hasnt always matched the ideal†. In some cases the amendment has only caused fathers to have equal responsibilities, not equal or quality time with their children .Fathers are presumed to be a less capable parent unless they prove otherwise, whereas mothers are presumed to be a better parent firstly. â€Å"As a result of misinformation, legal officers have resolved cases where the best interest of the children may not have been regarded. The Equal Opportunity Commission, which is the Governments-own, anti-discrimination agency, have stated that they are fully aware, that men are being discriminated against in the Family Law Court, based on gender alone. Academics, including Psychologists, have attempted to intervene to help protect children, but are brushed aside by the Family Law Court . â€Å"Science is being ignored in favour of personal views held by Officers of the Court,† These statements are showing that officers of the court are being persuaded by pre-dispositions that mothers are more capable parents and, are ignoring the science, that fathers are necessary in a child’s upbringing. Many thousands of Australian childrens-futures have been placed at risk, as they are deprived from a healthy influence of a good father . The new amendment sought to address the pre-disposition in the courts, that mothers are better parents than fathers. Unsuccessfully to date, the bias remains. And â€Å" the best interests of the child† are not paramount. The amendment needs further refinement; inter alia, to recognise the importance of a healthy relationship with fathers and children. Equal time, (12) is not supported by studies of what is truly, in the best interests of the child. There isn’t â€Å"a linear relationship between how much time children were spending with their fathers, and the quality of that relationship according to the children, Dr McIntosh said . The amendment arguably focuses on equal time, not the quality of the time and relationship. The court, following the amendment, adopted a presumption that the child should spend equal time with the parents, unless it could be demonstrated to ,not ,to be in the best interest of the child. That is, the idealistic shared care. is that children are to spend equal time with parents, supporting healthy relationships with both mother and father. Though studies have shown that this is not the case. Each case must be analyzed on a case by case basis. The quality of time spent between parents. hould be analyzed before the quantity of time. In some instances, decision about time â€Å"seems not to be in the childrens best interests, partly due to community and professional misunderstandings. The legislation is ambiguous, which can allow for misinterpretation of the law. Attorney-General Robert McClee-land admitted: â€Å"the wording of the legislation could be improved, but an education campa ign† would be more practical. The courts presumption is that 50:50 access, and care of a child is, in the best interests of the child. But in fact, in circumstances children are better off with 80% time with one parent. In some cases it is unreasonable for a child to spend 50% time with each parent, as parents often work different hours, as stated by Fell-berg . Some of the courts are skewing towards equal time, where in some instances equal access of children, isn’t, in the best interests of that child. The amendment in adopting a simplistic 50:50 shared care principle, which is not providing children, with the best outcome for their upbringing in different stages of their lives. The shared (13) care presumption is idealistic and often impractical. Take, for example a case where one parent lived in Ipswich and the other in Tweed Heads. Shared care would require the child to â€Å"rotate† between the residences of the parents; this doesn’t supply the child with a stable home, when there is one week alternate with each parent. Children who are continually changing living arrangements have â€Å"higher rates of hyperactivity, than children who have a stable home base with one of their parent,. A solution to this would be that the children have a stable home and the parents rotate where they live, keeping the children in the one residency. Professor Nichol-son said, :What the amendment is â€Å"really saying is not much about the desires, the needs, and the interests of the child. Its talking about the desires, needs, and the interests of the parents,†(Fullerton, 2009). Parents ought to have more flexible arrangements with shared care. Factors regarding what are more practical for parents ,or easier for parents, should not be considered, only what is in the best interests of the child ought to be. Allowing for flexibility, provides the child to spend time where they would prefer, rather than living where the courts want them too. Thus, providing less stress on the child. Dr McIntosh says children in shared care are more troubled, distressed and anxious, than children who have more flexible arrangements† . There ought to be a higher priority on the child’s best interests, and analysing whether 50:50 time, with parents Is in fact, the best for the chid. Each child is different (14), and will require different needs, and have different relationships with each parent . The amendment does not adequately take into consideration, the quality of time and relationship between fathers and their children. According to many perceptions, shared parenting is ideal, when parents have 50% access and contact. It has been shown that shared care on a time basis, is not necessarily the best for the child, rather quality is. The legislation itself does not necessarily need drastic change. Rather, there needs to be refinement of the purpose, and intent to eliminate, to the degree possible, the am-big-u-ity arising out of the amendment. That is, principally, the predispositions of mothers being better parents and that 50:50 time between parents, is not necessarily the ideal shared parenting outcome. Each case needs to be defined on a case by case basis, always acknowledging, whats in the best interests of the child, regardless of the impracticality for parents.